AIKHENVALD LINGUISTICS.COM

1 Introduction: The Language and its Speakers (pdf 418 kb)

• 1.1 Linguistic type
• 1.2 The Manambu: the present and the past
• 1.2.1 Environment and subsistence
• 1.2.2 The Manambu villages
• 1.2.3 Dwelling patterns: the structure of villages
• 1.2.4 Houses and their structure
• 1.3 Social organization, kinship, and name ownership
• 1.3.1 Clan membership, kinship, and mortuary ritual
• 1.3.2 Name ownership and name debates
• 1.4 Relationships with neighbours and recent history
• 1.4.1 Indigenous neighbours and traditional warfare
• 1.4.2 Relationships with outsiders
• 1.5 Linguistic affiliation and prehistory
• 1.5.1 The Ndu language family
• 1.5.2 The varieties of Manambu
• 1.5.3 Origins and putative prehistory
• 1.6 Linguistic situation
• 1.7 What we know about the Manambu language
• 1.8 Basis for this study
• Appendix 1.1 Early documentation of Manambu

2 Phonology

• 2.1 Segmental phonology
• 2.1.1 Consonants
• 2.1.2 Vowels
• 2.1.3 Unusual phonetic patterns
• 2.2 Syllable structure
• 2.2.1 Syllable types
• 2.2.2 Vowel sequences and diphthongs
• 2.3 Stress
• 2.3.1 Stress assignment
• 2.3.2 Stress shift
• 2.4 Phonological structure of morphemes, and syllable weight
• 2.4.1 Phonological structure of verbal and non-verbal roots
• 2.4.2 Syllable weight and evidence for iambic stress in verbs
• 2.5 Phonological word
• 2.5.1 General properties
• 2.5.2 When one grammatical word corresponds to more than one phonological word
• 2.5.3 When two or three grammatical words form one phonological word
• 2.6 Phonological processes
• 2.7 Intonation patterns

3 Grammatical Relations

• 3.1 Cross-referencing
• 3.2 Grammatical relations marked on noun phrases
• 3.3 ‘Reactivated topic’ demonstratives
• 3.4 Grammatical relations in Manambu: a summary

4 Word Classes

• 4.1 Nouns
• 4.1.1 Morphophonological subclasses of nouns
• 4.1.2 Semantically and grammatically determined subclasses of nouns
• 4.2 Verbs
• 4.2.1 Verbal grammatical categories
• 4.2.2 Semantically and grammatically determined subclasses of verbs
• 4.3 Adjectives
• 4.3.1 Agreeing and non-agreeing adjectives
• 4.3.2 Adjectives in comparison with nouns and verbs
• 4.3.3 Semantics of adjectives
• 4.4 Adverbs
• 4.5 Closed classes
• 4.5.1 Modal words
• 4.5.2 Postpositions
• 4.5.3 Particles and connectives
• 4.5.4 Interjections and onomatopoeia
• 4.5.5 ‘Pro-sentences’
• 4.5.6 Word class assignment of loans and code-switches

5 Gender Marking, Semantics, and Agreement

• 5.1 Gender and number agreement: contexts and forms
• 5.1.1 Agreement contexts
• 5.1.2 Gender and number agreement forms
• 5.1.3 Additional gender and number forms
• 5.1.4 Functions of gender and number agreement
• 5.2 How to choose a gender: semantics, and markedness relationships
• 5.2.1 The semantics of gender choice
• 5.2.2 Mismatches in gender agreement
• 5.2.3 Markedness relations
• 5.3 Overt gender marking

6 Number

• 6.1 Number marking on nouns
• 6.2 Number agreement
• 6.2.1 Number agreement with mass and collective referents
• 6.2.2 Agreement with associative non-singular
• 6.2.3 ‘Argument elaboration’ constructions, and number agreement
• 6.2.4 Markedness in the number system